Climate:
Climate: The weather condition that prevails in an area for a long time is called the climate of that place. The climate of India is tropical monsoon climate.
Weather: The atmospheric conditions at a place for a short period of time, such as a day or a week, are called weather there. Meteorological service in India was started in 1875 AD; Then its headquarters was in Shimla. After the First World War, its headquarters was brought to Pune. Now meteorological maps of India are published from there.
Apart from monsoon, there are two main factors affecting Indian climate-
1.Himalayan Mountains in the North: Due to its presence the cold winds coming from Central Asia are not able to reach India. 2. Indian Ocean in the South: Its presence and distance to the equator
Due to proximity, tropical climate is found in its ideal form. Due to the monsoon winds completely changing their direction from time to time, the following four seasonal cyclones are found in India – 1. Winter season (from 15 December to 15 March) 2. Summer season (from 16 March to 15 June) 3. . Rainy season (16 June to 15 September) 4. Autumn (16 September to 14 December)
Note: These dates mark a general boundary, the delay in the arrival and withdrawal of monsoon winds affects them significantly.
Rainfall in winter season in the plains of Northern India. Caused by turbulence or jet stream. In Rajasthan this rain is called Mabat. During winter (January-February) the rainfall along the coasts of Tamil Nadu or the Coromandel Coast is caused by the retreating monsoon or north-east monsoon. In the summer season, strong humid winds start blowing in the states of Assam and West Bengal, which cause rain with thunderstorms. These winds are known as Nor’wester in Eastern India and Kaal Baisakhi in Bengal. In Karnataka it is called Cherry Blossom and Coffee Rain, which is beneficial for coffee cultivation. Due to being beneficial for mango crop, it is called Mango Shower in South India (Kerala). The hot and dry winds that blow in the dry parts of North-West India in summer are called ‘Loo’. During the rainy season, an area of thermal pressure is formed in north-western India and Pakistan, which is called monsoon trough. At the same time, the Northern Interthermal Convergence (NITC) starts shifting towards the north, due to which the equatorial westerly wind and the south-eastern trade wind of the Southern Hemisphere cross the equator and start flowing in India following Ferrel’s law, which is called Known as south-west monsoon. Most of India’s rainfall (about 80%) comes from this monsoon. Due to the peninsular shape of India, the south-west monsoon gets divided into two branches – 1. Arabian Sea branch and 2. Bay of Bengal branch
The monsoon of the Arabian Sea branch first arrives in the Indian state of Kerala in the first week of June. Here it hits the Western Ghats mountains and rains on the coasts of Kerala.
The winds coming from the Bay of Bengal (SW branch of monsoon) bring more rainfall on Garo, Khasi and Jaintia hills, due to which Masinram (Meghalaya) situated here is the place that receives the highest rainfall in the world. (Approximately 1,141 cm.)
The Arabian Sea branch of monsoon is comparatively more powerful. Of the total moisture brought by the south-west monsoon, 65% comes from the Arabian Sea and 35% comes from the Bay of Bengal.
A branch of the Arabian Sea monsoon moves from the delta region of the Indus River, passes through the desert of Rajasthan and directly hits the Himalayan Mountains and causes heavy rainfall near Dharamshala. There is lack of rainfall in Rajasthan due to the absence of obstacles in its path, because the Aravalli mountain range lies parallel to it.
Tamil Nadu falls in the mountain rain shadow region of the Western Ghats. Therefore, there is very little rainfall here due to the south-west monsoon. A The autumn rainfall in Tamil Nadu is caused by the north-east monsoon. Autumn is called the retreating monsoon season. Bay of Bengal and Arabia in this season.
Tropical cyclones originate in the ocean. These cyclones cause a lot of damage mainly in Andhra Pradesh and Orissa (Odisha) in the eastern coastal areas and Gujarat in the western coastal areas. > Tamil Nadu receives maximum rainfall due to withdrawal monsoon or withdrawal of monsoon.
El Nino and the Indian monsoon
El Nino is a complex weather system that appears every five or ten years. This causes drought, floods and extreme weather conditions in different parts of the world.
Appears as a warm ocean current in the eastern Pacific Ocean, near the coast of Peru. This affects the weather of many places including India. El Nino is simply an expansion of the equatorial warm ocean current, which is temporarily replaced by the cold Peruvian or Humboldt Current. This current increases the temperature of Peru’s coastal water by 10°c. This results in the following
1. Distortion in equatorial atmospheric circulation.
2. Irregularities in evaporation of sea water
3. Reduction in the amount of plankton, which reduces the number of fish in the sea.
El-Nino is used for long-term forecasting of monsoon in India.
Note: El Nino literally means Child Jesus because this current appears in the month of December, around Christmas. Peru (Southern Hemisphere) December is the summer month.
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