solar system
The group of various planets, asteroids, comets, meteors and other celestial bodies revolving around the Sun is called Solar system. The Sun dominates the Solar System, because approximately 99.999% of the solar system’s matter is contained in the Sun. The Sun is also the source of all energy in the solar system. Plenum is a group of identical twin objects outside the Solar System.
sun
Sun is the head of the solar system. It is located in a corner of our galaxy at a distance of about 30,000 light years from the center of the milky belt.
>It is revolving around the center of Milky Way Mandakini at a speed of 250 km/s. Its rotation period (the time taken to rotate once around the center of the Milky Way) is 25 crore (250) million years, which is called Cosmos year. The Sun rotates on its axis from east to west. Its central part makes one rotation in 25 days and the polar part makes one rotation in 35 days.
>The Sun is a gaseous sphere, which consists of 71% hydrogen, 26.5% helium and 2.5% other elements. The central part of the Sun is called the core, whose temperature is 1.5 × 10°C and the temperature of the outer surface of the Sun is 6000°C.
Hans Bethe told that at a temperature of 10 °C, four hydrogen nuclei combine to form one helium nucleus at the center of the Sun. i.e. nuclear fusion at the center of the Sun
Which is the source of energy from the Sun. The radiant surface of the Sun is called photosphere are. The edges of the photosphere do not shine because the Sun’s atmosphere absorbs light. This is called chromosphere. It is red in color.
The part of the Sun visible at the time of solar eclipse is called Corona, it is the outermost layer of the Sun. The Sun emits many X-rays. It is called the crown of the Sun. At the time of total solar eclipse, light is received from the solar corona.
The age of the Sun is 5 billion years.
The time period for which the Sun will continue to provide energy in the future is 10 years.
It takes 8 minutes 16.6 seconds for sunlight to
The temperature of the sunspot (shell of moving gases) is 1500°C less than the temperature of the sun. Sunspots have a cycle of 22 years: for the first 11 years the sunspot is on and for the next 11 years the sunspot is on the decline. When a spot appears on the surface of the Sun, magnetic storms occur on Earth. Due to this, the direction of the magnetic needle changes and disturbances occur in radio, television, electrically operated machines etc.
MERCURY
It is the smallest and lightest planet. It has no satellite.
Its most distinctive quality is the presence of a magnetic field in it.
It completes its revolution around the Sun in the shortest time. That is, it is the planet with the highest orbital speed in the solar system.
Here the days are very hot and the nights are snowy. Its temperature difference is the highest among all the planets (600°C). Its temperature becomes -173°C at night and 427°C during the day
venus
It is the nearest, brightest and hottest planet to Earth.
It is called the evening star or morning star, because it is visible in the sky in the western direction in the evening and in the eastern direction in the morning.
Unlike other planets, it rotates clockwise.
It is called Earth’s sister planet. It is similar to Earth in density, size and diameter.
It has no satellite.
jupiter
It is the largest planet in the solar system. It takes 10 hours (at least) to rotate on its axis and 12 years to revolve around the Sun. The mass of Jupiter is about 1000th the mass of the Sun.
Its satellite Ganymede (yellow in color) is the largest of all the.
MARS
It is called Red Planet, its red color is due to iron oxide.
There are two poles here like Earth and its orbit is inclined at an angle of 25°, due to which there is seasonal change here like Earth.
The value of its day and the inclination of its axis are similar to those of the Earth.
A It makes one complete revolution on its axis once in 24 hours.
It has two satellites – Phobos and Deimos.
It takes 687 days to revolve around the Sun.
The solar system’s largest volcano Olympus Messi and the solar system’s highest mountain Nix Olympia, which is three times higher than Mount Everest, are located on this planet
SATURN
It is the second largest planet in size.
Its specialty is the presence of a ring around its bottom (a thick light coil). The number of rings is 7. It looks like a yellow star in the sky.
A Its density is less than that of all the planets and water. That means if you keep it in water, it will float.
Saturn’s largest satellite is Titan, which is the second largest satellite in the solar system. It is equal to Mercury in size. Titan was discovered in 1665 by Danish astronomer Christian Heijn. It is the only satellite that has its own dense atmosphere like Earth.
Saturn’s satellite named Phoebe revolves in the opposite direction to its orbit. Saturn’s largest satellite is Titan, which is the second largest satellite in the solar system. It is equal to Mercury in size. Titan was discovered in 1665 by Danish astronomer Christian Heijn. It is the only satellite that has its own dense atmosphere like Earth.
Saturn’s satellite named Phoebe revolves in the opposite direction to its orbit.
URANUS
It is the third largest planet in size. Its temperature is approximately -215°C.
It was discovered by William Herschel in 1781 AD.
Of the nine rings around it, five rings are named Alpha (α), Beta (3), Gamma (1), Delta (△) and Epsilon.
It rotates on its axis from east to west (clockwise), while the other planets rotate from west to east (counter- clockwise). Here sunrise occurs towards the west and sunset towards the east.
All its satellites also rotate in the opposite direction to the Earth.
It is so inclined towards the Sun on its axis that it appears lying down, hence it is called a lying planet. Its largest satellite is Titania.
NAPTUNE
It was discovered by German astronomer Johann Galle in 1846 AD.
In the new astronomical System it is the planet farthest from the Sun.
It is a green planet i.e. it emits green light. There is a cloud of very cold methane all around it.
Triton is prominent among its satellites.
earth
Earth is the fifth largest planet in size. The Earth’s axis is inclined by 23° (23°30′) from the perpendicular to its orbital plane. In other words, the Earth’s axis makes an angle of 667° (66°30′) with the Earth’s orbital plane.
perpendicular to the Earth’s orbital plane
circle of cancer
23
earth’s axis north pole
equatorial circle
66 2
circle of Capricorn
Earth’s orbital plane
south pole
Figure-2.11: Tilt of the Earth’s axis and its orbital plane > It is the only planet in the solar system on which there is life. Its only satellite is the Moon.
A Its equatorial diameter is 12,756 km. And polar diameter is 12,713.6 km. Is. The difference between the two diameters is 43 km.
The average diameter of the Earth is 12,742 km. Its calculation was first noted by Eratosthenes.
The distance of Earth from the Sun is 149.6 million km.
It makes one complete revolution on its axis from west to east in 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds at a speed of 1,610 km per hour. This movement of the Earth is called rotation or daily motion. At this speed day and night happen.
A The Earth takes 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 46 seconds (about 365 days 6 hours) to complete one revolution around the Sun. The mean speed of the Earth in completing its orbit during this time period is about 30 km/s. (29.8 km/s). Sun’sThis revolution around the Earth is called the annual motion or revolution of the Earth. The time taken by the Earth to revolve around the Sun is called solar year. each solar year, calendar year
This increases by about 6 hours, which is adjusted by making every fourth year a leap year. Leap year is of 366 days, due to which the month of February has 29 days instead of 28. Seasonal change on Earth occurs due to its tilt on its axis and change in its position relative to the Sun, i.e. annual movement. Due to the annual movement, day and night on Earth become shorter and longer.
In terms of size and shape, Earth is similar to Venus. Due to the presence of Water it is also called the blue planet.
The nearest star to Earth after the Sun is Proxima Centauri, a star in the Alpha Centauri group. It is 4.22 light years away from Earth.
MOON
The science that studies the surface of the Moon and its internal condition is called Selenology. The dust field on the Moon is called Shanti Sagar. This is the back part of the moon, it is dark.
Mount Leibniz [35,000 feet (10,668 m)] located at the Moon’s south pole is the highest mountain on the Moon. Moon is also called a living planet.
The Moon completes one revolution around the Earth in approximately 27 days and 8 hours and makes one rotation on its axis in the same time. This is the reason why only one part of the moon is always visible. 57% of the Moon can be seen from Earth.
The Moon’s axis plane makes an axis angle of 58.48° with the Earth’s axis. The Moon is almost parallel to the Earth’s axis. Its rotation path is also elliptical.
The diameter of the Moon is 3,480 km and its mass is approximately 81 times that of the Earth.
The Moon’s period of revolution with respect to the Sun is 29.53 days (29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes and 2.8 seconds). This time is called a lunar month or synodic month.
From the point of view of sidereal time, the Moon is again in the same position in about 27 days. This period of 27 days (27 days, 7 hours 43 minutes and 11.6 seconds) is called a sidereal month.
The ratio of solar and lunar powers required for rising tide is 11 : 5. Rocks brought by Apollo astronauts have revealed that the Moon is as old as the Earth (460 crore years). Titanium is present in large quantities in these rocks.
Super Moon: When the Moon is closest to the Earth, that situation is called Super Moon. It is also called perigee full moon. In this the moon appears 14% larger and 30% brighter. Note: The average distance between the Moon and the Earth is 3,84,365 km.
PLUTO
Yam (Pluto): IAU has named it 1,34,340. (Claude Tomvo discovered in 1930 AD)
In the Prague conference of IAU in August 2006, Yam was removed from the category of planet due to not meeting the criteria to be called a planet.
It has been separated and placed in the category of dwarf planet.
The reason for removing Yama from the category of planet is- 1. Being smaller than the Moon in size 2. Its orbit not being circular 3. Intersecting the orbit of Neptune
Ceres: It was discovered by Italian astronomer Piazzi.
According to the new definition of IAU, it has been placed in the category of dwarf planet. It will be known by number 1. Its diameter is 1/5 of the diameter of Mercury.
Note: Other dwarf planets are Charon and 2003 UB 313 (Eris).