World Trade Organization:
A WTO was established on January 1, 1995. Its headquarters is in Geneva. The World Trade Organization (WTO) through various councils and committees implements 28 agreements related to international trade, which were included in the Uruguay Round of negotiations, and were passed in Marrakesh, Morocco in 1994 AD . China was made a member in the Doha conference in November 2001. The first ministerial conference of the World Trade Organization was held in Singapore in December 1996. Currently its Director General is Robert Ajabedo, who is from Brazil. WTO member number is 164. (164th member Afghanistan)
European Union-EU:
On January 1, 1958, the European Economic Community was established through the Treaty of Rome by six countries called the ‘Inner Six’ of Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg). This organization was later named European Union. It was established in Maastricht (Netherlands) on November 1, 1993. Its headquarters is in Brussels (Belgium). Member countries in the European Union are- Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland. , Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and Slovenia. Croatia joined on July 1, 2013.
Note: Currently (June, 2019) the United Kingdom is in the process of exiting the European Union.
On January 1, 1994, the independent European Monetary Institute was established. To control the circulation and operation of the united European currency ‘Euro’, the European Central Bank was established in Frankfurt (Germany) in June 1998.
The use of Euro started from January 1, 2002. By 18 out of 28 member states of the European Union (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Palata, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain). Euro currency is being used. Britain, Sweden and Denmark have not become members of the Euro currency union.
Note: The headquarters of the European Economic Community is Geneva.
The European Economic Area (EEA) includes the countries of the European Union as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway.
European Space Agency (ESA):
European Space Agency (ESA) was established in 1975 AD. (In place of the European Space Research Organization and the European Space Development Organization (ELDO).
20 countries of Europe are its members. Canada also participates in some of its co-projects. Its headquarters is in Paris (France).
The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation( NATO):
The North Atlantic Alliance was established on April 4, 1949. Its headquarters is in Brussels (Belgium). Currently, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization consists of 29 member states – Belgium, Canada*, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy*, Luxembourg, Netherlands*, Norway*, Portugal*, Britain, United States, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Spain, Turkey, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania and Croatia and Montenegro (June 5, 2017). At the time of its formation in 1949, NATO’s membership was 12. Parts of NATO The NATO organization has the following parts –Council: This is the supreme organ of NATO. It is constructed by the member states It happens from ministers. The Secretary General of NATO is the Chairman of the Council. 2. Defense Committee: Defense Ministers of all ‘NATO’ countries are represented in it. We do. It considers military decisions accepted by the council. Sub-Council: This is a council of diplomatic representatives appointed by NATO members. Military Committee: In this, the army chiefs of all the countries except Iceland and France are represented
Asian Development Bank (ADB):
It was established in 1966. Its headquarters is in Manila. The number of its member countries is 67.It has three representative offices in Tokyo, Frankfurt and Washington D.C.
Organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD):
The Organization for European Economic Cooperation, formed in 1948 AD, was transformed into the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1961 AD. Its headquarters is in Paris (France). The number of its member countries is 34.
ASEAN:
The full name of ASEAN is Association of South-East Asian Nations. of South-East Asian Nations-
It was established on August 8, 1967. At that time it was formed by Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. The number of its member countries is 10. The Central Secretariat of ASEAN is in Jakarta (Indonesia). On August 24, 1996, India was made a full dialogue partner of ASEAN. Russia and China have also been given the status of full dialogue partners.
The South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC):
its headquarters is in Kathmandu. SAARC was established on 7-8 December, 1985 AD. Its member countries are: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Afghanistan. The first summit of SAARC was held in Dhaka in 1985.
G-8 (Group-8):
It was established by France in 1975 AD. Its member countries are: Canada, America, Britain, France, Germany, Japan, Italy and Russia. Russia was made a member of the G-7 in the G-7 summit held in Denver, America on June 20-22, 1997. Russia was suspended from the G-8 in March 2014.
Arab League:
It was established on March 22, 1945 in Cairo (headquarters). The number of its member countries is 22, the main ones being- Mission, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Yemen etc.
BRICS
In the year 2009, Brazil, Russia, India and China established a new economic organization BRIC. Its first summit took place on June 16, 2009 in the Russian city of Yekaterinburg. At its second conference held in Brazil on April 15, 2010, it was agreed to grant membership to South Africa. The. After the inclusion of Africa, it was named BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). South Africa participated for the first time in the 3rd BRICS summit held in China on 14 April 2011. In the Fortaleza (Brazil) conference of 15-16 July, 2014, it was agreed to establish the BRICS Development Bank. The headquarters of this proposed bank will be in Shanghai city of China. Its presidency will remain with India for the first six years. After that, Brazil and Russia will be president for 5-5 years respectively.
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